Galileo's Discovery

Can you imagine making such a big discovery?

Galileo made an amazing contribution to the world of time, simply by not paying attention in church. The year was 1581 and Galileo was 17. He was standing in the Cathedral of Pisa watching the huge chandelier swinging back and forth from the ceiling of the cathedral. Galileo noticed that no matter how short or long the arc of the chandelier was, it took exactly the same amount of time to complete a full swing.
The chandelier gave Galileo the idea to create a pendulum clock. While the clock would eventually run of energy, it would keep accurate time until the pendulum stopped. If the pendulum was set swinging again before it stopped, there would never be a loss in accuracy. Because of this, pendulums caught on and are still widely used today. Can you imagine making such a big discovery?

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Following are the some of my collections of information based on mystery of the universe. I expect the same kind of information/questions/answers from you.

Mysteries of the universe:
1. If Heat can ONLY be transferred between objects by radiation, conduction and convection, then why a human body without space suit in a vacuum space gets cold/ frozen?
My comment: if there is no such medium in vacuum space to transfer heat and body is not emitting any radiation then how it is possible that body loses it heat without transferring it to any medium? It is mystery or something else….your comment please…..

2. Why our universe is expanding? As the distance among every massive object like satellite, planets, stars and galaxies are continuously increasing, even accelerating. The Moon is gradually moving away from the Earth and the tides are to blame. Is it really the reason, no one knows. Every year, the Moon moves a further 3.82cm from the Earth.
My comment: moon is shifting some inches from its orbit around the earth. But the question is why? Even If moon and earth both are retaining the same gravitational force continuously without any variation in it or losing it.

3. Why water boils in vacuum space before freezing?
My comment: there are many explanations given in several books that it happens due to the low or zero pressure around the water in the absence of atmospheric environment. Is it the only fact that applies on it? Or something is still unknown for our science? Your comment please….

4. Why the aircraft gets accelerated and get extra unexpected speed or extra ‘tug’ toward the sun that is not accounted for in the traditional theory? And why aircraft gets decelerated on outer-reason of our solar system?

• The Pioneer spacecraft seems to be slowing down in a way which has yet to be explained.
• Various spacecraft have experienced greater accelerations during slingshot maneuvers than expected.

5. Gravity is not, in itself, a force, but merely a consequence of universal expansion. Not only are galaxies moving apart, but stars, planets, atoms, the most fundamental particles, and the spaces between them are continuously expanding, which is what is 'pushing' the universe apart. No mass is being created in this expansion, and no changes in density of that mass are occurring.

6. Gravitational Lansing: A Mystery

7. “The conclusion of the theory of special relativity was that energy and mass are not separate things, but are, in fact, interchangeable” Sir Einstein discover the formula E=mc2, to calculate the total energy of the mass, and that seems absolutely right as per research. Now a question comes into my mind that:
‘Is there any evidence or any experiment done to come up with the practically proved logic that can explain how energy converts into mass?

8. Why a mass has gravity? There is no answer, Gravity is still a phenomena for current science, the following statement given by Newton put forwards the same question, and still unsolved:

• Newton stated in “ThePhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,”
  “I have not yet been able to discover the cause of these properties of gravity from phenomena and I frame no hypotheses... It is enough that gravity does really exist and acts according to the laws I have explained, and that it abundantly serves to account for all the motions of celestial bodies”

9. Gravitational mass is measured by comparing the force of gravity of an unknown mass to the force of gravity of a known mass. This is typically done with some sort of balance scale. The beauty of this method is that no matter where, or on what planet you are, the masses will always balance out because the gravitational acceleration on each object will be the same.
This does break down near super massive objects such as neutron stars due to the high gradient of the gravitational field around such objects.

Accepted and proved theory: but hard to believe for a common man.

1. Gravity is not a force; it is just a wrapage of space-time. In Einstein theory of general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to space-time curvature instead of a force. Your comment please….

Exceptions to the Einstein theory:
1. How the object which is very far from massive object knows or senses that space is wrapped around the massive object and it has to go there?

Amazing/Interesting Facts:
1. Why the conversion of energy into mass is not possible? (Einstein formula E=mc2 explains the conversion of mass into energy.)

2. Some neutron stars can spin up to 1000 times a second. More earthly objects such as CD-ROMs can spin up to 100 times a second whereas music CDs spin a meager 10 times a second.

3. If 10 kilograms of matter spontaneously turned into energy there would be enough energy to power a 100 Watt light bulb for 300 million years.

4. A supernova is the most energetic single event known in the Universe:
Material is exploded into space at a speed of about 10,000 kilometers per second and the energy emitted is 10 to the power of 44 Joules. Our galaxy contains about 100,000,000,000 stars and all these stars would have to shine for six months to produce this much energy.

5. The mass of the Earth increases every year because of the 3,000 tones of meteorite debris that hits its surface from space.

Incompatibility between two popular theories:

1. Several decades after the discovery of general relativity it was realized that general relativity is fundamentally incompatible with quantum mechanics. One can demonstrate that the structure of general relativity essentially follows inevitably from the quantum mechanics of interacting theoretical spin-2 mass less particles called gravitons. It means we are still missing some unknown but very important facts of gravitational force.

Comparison between two theories:
1. Gravity is in many ways a much better quantum field theory than the Standard Model. It indirectly means, in some situation, both the theories gives different result, hence both are somewhere incompatible with each other.

Successful theory that fails somewhere….

1. MOND, the original theory on which TeVeS is based, was already quite successful at explaining galactic dynamics. (even better, in some cases, than the dark matter paradigm), but it failed completely at explaining other observations—gravitational Lansing in particular,” explained Liguori. “For this reason, it couldn't be considered a real alternative to dark matter. (not successful on all parameters of gravity)

Why gravitational force is still an interesting phenomenon/subject for the world of science?

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Many scientists DO NOT believe that gravity is a force at all, since they cannot detect any energy transfer or other mechanisms that act between separate objects under each other’s gravitational influence. Most scientists believe that for one body to act on another body from a distance requires an exchange of energy. While no such exchange has been identified, scientists have theorized and tried to find what they call gravity waves.
Einstein theorized that the total curvature of space time is split into two components: (1) the curvature of space and (2) time dilation. Einstein theorized that both components are responsible for gravity. According to Einstein, time is modified by mass so it runs slower near large bodies of mass and the dilation of space-time creates the illusion of gravity. Einstein explained that space-time is bent so it appears that an object is being moved by some "force of attraction" between the two objects of mass. Most scientists today accept that gravity is a phenomenon whereby large masses curve space and time within their vicinity. While there has been some experimental data that support parts of Einstein’s theory.
But some scientists cannot accept the concept that space-time is curved. In fact, much empirical evidence supports the contrary; thus, most scientists either force-fit everything into general relativity, while a few scientists continue to grope for other theories that might explain the root cause of gravity.

If gravitation is a force of attraction, then what are the causes responsible for it?

• How mass causes gravity?
• What is the interchange vehicle that propagates gravity?
• Why gravity appears to propagate instantaneously?
• Why gravity appears to wrap or bend space-time but does not?

If gravitation is just a space- time curvature and not a force applied between two objects, as sir Einstein said, then:

• Why and how physical existing mass can bend non-physically existing space-time?

Newton was puzzled that the root cause of gravity was beyond the reach of science. Newton was convinced “that there were causes hitherto unknown”. Newton said:
“That one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one another, is to me so great an absurdity that, I believe, no man who has in philosophic matters a competent faculty of thinking could ever fall into it."

Great scientists: Newton and Einstein.
(Two theories with different logic, but almost same result……amazing.)
Einstein’s theory was used to explain how objects could affect each other at a distance, but it was not able to explain exactly how matter could curve space any more than the discovery of the Law of Universal Gravitation enabled Newton to explain his “force” of gravity. Einstein theorized the existence of gravity waves, which have never been discovered directly so far.
Crucial experiments that justified the adoption of General Relativity over Newtonian gravity were: the deflection of light rays by the Sun, and the precession of the orbit of Mercury, and gravitational red shift. Einstein’s theory of general relativity was able to explain those phenomenon better than Newton’s. General relativity was able to explain why Mercury's precession differs from Newtonian prediction. Einstein explained that since Mercury is the closest planet to the sun it moves faster than any other planet, and orbits the sun in space that is much more “curved” than the space near any of the other planets. This curved space affects the orbit of Mercury and Einstein’s calculations predict this behavior more accurately than Newton’s, but still with some error.
General Relativity also was more accurate that Newton’s in predicting the bending of light rays as they pass near the sun, because the Newtonian deflection of the ray corresponds only to the time dilation. Einstein’s formula also takes into account the relative curvature of space. Thus, Einstein’s calculated total deflection is twice as big as its Newtonian prediction. Experiments later validated that the observed deflection of light near the sun was more in line with Einstein’s predictions and within the observational error. General relativity also explains the equivalence of gravitational, inertial, and centrifugal acceleration (the equivalency principle).

Nikola Tesla challenged Albert Einstein's theory of relativity:
(One of the scientist who had not accepted the logic ‘space-time curvature’)
Announcing he was working on a Dynamic theory of gravity, which he began in 1892. Tesla believed that gravity is the result of the field of force surrounding all matter. He stated:

“Only the existence of a field of force can account for the motions of the bodies as observed, and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion. So are all attempts to explain the workings of the universe without recognizing the existence of the ether and the indispensable function it plays in the phenomena ...”

Regarding Einstein’s theory of curved space, Tesla chided:

• [The Dynamic theory of gravity] ... explains the causes and motions of heavenly bodies under it's influence so satisfactory that it will put to an end idle speculation and false conception, as that of curved space ...

On his 81st birthday on July 10, 1937 Tesla published a statement critiquing Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. The following is a portion of that statement:

• ... Supposing that the bodies act upon the surrounding space causing curving of the same, it appears to my simple mind that the curved spaces must react on the bodies, and producing the opposite effects, straightening out the curves. Since action and reaction are coexistent, it follows that the supposed curvature of space is entirely impossible - But even if it existed it would not explain the motions of the bodies as observed. Only the existence of a field of force can account for the motions of the bodies as observed, and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion. So are all attempts to explain the workings of the universe without recognizing the existence of the ether and the indispensable function it plays in the phenomena...

While Tesla asserted that he had "worked out a dynamic theory of gravity" that he would soon give to the world, he revealed few details about his theory and died before publicizing any details.

A truth: Sir Einstein would have never ever thought in his life that his theory of relativity will achieve the highest level of success and achievements than any other theory.

• “When Einstein introduced general relativity, it was rejected as contrary to known Newtonian physics, unsupportable and unverified. Now, general relativity is the accepted dogma of physics and appears as well entrenched as Newton’s theory was. But that was not the case in the 1920s”